Cosmic inflation from entangled qubits: a white hole model for emergent spacetime.
Summary and conclusions of the paper:
This paper presents the Horizon Model of cosmology
(HM) that was developed for the express
purpose of eliminating the cosmological constant
(vacuum catastrophe) problem that has been called the biggest discrepancy (>10
120) between experiment and theory in all of science . It
does this by assuming the energy density in the
vacuum (theory) is equal to the energy density of the
observable universe (wxperiment). The foundation of HM is
based on the primacy of quantum information
(Wheeler (1990)) leading to the understanding that
the first element of reality emerging from the
Big Bang singularity, the Planck region, is a
qubit. The HM views the Big Bang singularity
as the opening of a white hole and the vacuum
as the interior of that white hole. It invokes the
Schwartzchild solution and the Holographic Principle
to calculate the number of qubits Iq required
for that equality. HM is tied to observation by
comparing Iq to published estimates of the number
of Shannon bits (entropy), S, in the observable
universe (Egan and Lineweaver (2010)). The HM
can then be used to calculate the properties of the
vacuum and the event horizon as a function of S.
The results for two particular values of S are
presented here. Table 1 shows the results for S=1
corresponding to t=0 and Tables 2 and 3 list
the results for S=1.46x10
104 bits corresponding to
t=now.
The HM results for t=0 show that a blob
of 4x10
16 non-local entangled qubits produced a
quantized bit on the vacuum horizon from which
the first bit of local spacetime emerged. This first
blob is logically equivalent to the “inflaton” of
the cosmic inflation paradigm. According to HM,
it had an energy density of 2
+2
-1 x10
105 GeV/m
3, a
temperature of 6
+2.5-2
x10
23 GeV and a volume with an
e-fold expansion relative to l
p3 of N = 59.4
+1.2-1. This is within 1.8 sigma
of the constraints put on N by the analysis of the Planck collaboration of their 2018 measurements of the Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB).
The large uncertainties in these
results reflect the uncertainties in the estimates
of S made by by Egan and Lineweaver, ΔEL
.
The ΔEL
are too large to permit meaningful comparison
with measurements. So the uncertainties in ΔEL
were artificially adjusted to fix Ω
vac = 1.00 ±
0.01 ⇒ ΔΩ and to fit the SH0ES measurement of
H
0 = 73 ± 1.0 ⇒ ΔSH.
Using ΔΩ, the vacuum horizon is quantized in
bits of area AS = 5.23 ± 0.06x10
-52m
2.
The HM prediction for H
vac with ΔΩ is 67.9±
0.4 which is within 0.8σ of the H
0 value determined
by the Planck collaboration from their 2018 measurements of the CMB.
The HM predictions for the vacuum pressure
with ΔΩ is 7.77 ± 0.09x10
-10 Pa while with ΔSH
it is 9±0.3x10
-10 Pa. These are in agreement with
measurements of the pressure on the lunar surface
made by NASA and the Chinese space program of
∼ 10
-10 Pa .
I am an experimenter/computer-modeler and
this is not a theoretical paper but HM does point
to a new direction for theoretical research. In
HM, 3D+1 spacetime and matter/energy emerge
from a quantized 2D surface surrounding a region
of entanglement. This is in keeping with current
research on emergent spacetime. But the
specific basic question raised by HM is: How
could a 3D blob of 4x10
16 entangled Planck
sized binary qubits give rise to a quantized
2D horizon from which emerges time, gravity
and matter/energy? Other supplementary questions
present themselves. Could the qubits be a
superposition of [gravitons,photons]? Is time created
through Heisenberg fluctuations among the
qubits? Is time an emergent property
9 resulting
from the network of 4x10
16 entangled qubits?
My paper presents the observational credentials
for a model that proposes a quantized event
horizon as the source of spacetime/gavity. It is
clear that theoretical research into the questions
posed by this model hold promise of leading to a
quantum theory of gravity.
[9: In the sense of Complexity Science ⇒the whole is greater that the sum of its parts because
of the network among them.]
The paper was submitted to the editors of the journal
General Relativity and Gravitation who sent it out for peer review on February 5, 2025.
The reviewers reported on April 7 that they would recommend publication provided I made certain revisions to the paper. A revised version
was submitted to the journal on April 19.
I presented a 10 minute talk on April 25, 2023 at the Virtual April Meeting of the American Physical Society in a session entitled
"Cosmology and the CMB". The talk is entitled "The Non-local Vacuum, A Framework for New Physics" and presents the essence of the Horizon Model.